People's Education Press High School Chemistry Compulsory Course II: The Secrets of Carbon Bonding and Organic Diversity

Carbon atoms are thearchitects of life. Located in Group IVA of the second period on the periodic table, carbon has four valence electrons. To achieve a stable octet configuration, it must share four pairs of electrons to formfour covalent bonds. This simple 'tetravalency principle' is the foundational axiom for building the vast diversity of organic compounds.

Core Bonding Logic

Bonding Diversity: Carbon atoms can form stable $C-C$ (single), $C=C$ (double), or $C\equiv C$ (triple) bonds.
Skeleton Flexibility: By connecting carbon chains of varying lengths or forming rings, even creating branch points, an infinite range of spatial skeletons can be constructed.
Isomerism: For example, butane ($C_4H_{10}$): n-butane (straight chain) and isobutane (branched chain) have identical molecular formulas but different structures, resulting in distinct physical properties.

The Axiom of Structure Determines Properties

The chemical properties of organic compounds are determined by theirfunctional groups(such as hydroxyl $-OH$ and carboxyl $-COOH$). Just as Kekulé envisioned the structure of benzene, the geometric arrangement of molecules is the key to understanding their macroscopic behavior.

QUESTION 1

In organic compounds, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with atoms of other elements as well as with each other. The types of covalent bonds that can form between two carbon atoms are ______, ______, and ______; the types of carbon skeletons formed when multiple carbon atoms bond together are ______ and ______.

Single bond, double bond, triple bond; straight chain, branched chain (or cyclic)

Single bond, polar bond, hydrogen bond; straight chain, spherical

Ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond; long chain, short chain

QUESTION 2

Under certain conditions, which of the following substances can react chemically with methane? ( )

Chlorine (under light exposure)

Bromine water (at room temperature)

Acidic potassium permanganate solution

Sodium hydroxide solution

QUESTION 3

Which of the following processes involves an addition reaction? ( )

Propylene reacts with bromine to form $CH_2Br-CHBr-CH_3$

Methane reacts with chlorine to form $CH_3Cl$

Ethylene burns in air

Ethanol reacts with acetic acid to form ethyl acetate

QUESTION 4

Which of the following substances cannot be used to distinguish ethanol from acetic acid? ( )

Water

Purple litmus solution

Sodium carbonate solution

Distilled water with zinc granules

QUESTION 5

Freon-12 is a fluorine and chlorine derivative of methane, where the central carbon atom is bonded to two F and two Cl atoms. Which statement about its structure is correct? ( )

This molecule has only one structure, proving methane is tetrahedral rather than planar

This molecule has two structural isomers

Its shape is a planar square